Wednesday, October 8, 2008

Lesson #5 Salt

Salt--One of the first 4 basic things you should store.

Salt Amounts needed:
Fill in chart to find out how much salt you need. Stop multiplying when you reach your target month.

3 months
X number in family

Total

X 2 for 6 months
Total

X 2 for 12 months
Total Needed
2 ½ lbs

***Other Uses - Read other uses below, if you used salt for these things you would need to add extra for other uses and barter
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> Barter-This inexpensive item is an excellent addition to your food storage for your own use and for future barter needs. Using salt for barter would be invaluable. Under survival situations this trade this item would be a commodity in trading for much needed items.

A Little About Salt:

Salt- In ancient times salt was highly valued. There have been numerous books written on the subject of reducing or omitting dietary salt. This is particularly ironic, due to the fact that in prior centuries wars were actually fought over obtaining the substance. At one time salt was so valued that Roman solders received a salt allowance as a portion of their pay. The Jews used to practice "salt covenant" which meant life long loyalty. The Latin term for this allowance was salarium argentum, the origin of the English word "salary" and the French word "argent," meaning silver or money. On a more local scale, the Erie Canal was once known as "the ditch that salt built," because one of its original cargos was salt. Salt is very versatile. It can be used to cure meat, add flavor to otherwise bland foods, and can be used to help medicinally.

Storage life for salt is indefinite. So long as you do not let it get contaminated with dirt or whatever, it will never go bad. Over time, iodized salt may turn yellow, but this is harmless and may still be used. Salt is rather hygroscopic and will adsorb moisture from the air if not sealed in an air-tight container. If it does adsorb moisture and cakes up, it can be dried in the oven and then broken up with no harm done.

All salt, however, is not the same. Salt comes in a number of different varieties, and very little of what is produced in the U.S. is intended for use in food. The rest of it, about 98%, has other uses. Therefore, it is important to be certain the salt you have is intended for human consumption. Once you are satisfied it is, you should then determine its appropriateness for the tasks to which you might want to set it to. Below is a list of some of the available salts
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> Table Salt: This is by far the most widely known type of salt. It comes in two varieties; iodized and non-iodized. There is an ingredient added to it to adsorb moisture so it will stay free flowing in damp weather. This non-caking agent does not dissolve in water and can cause cloudiness in solutions if sufficiently large quantities are used. In canning it won't cause a problem since there is very little per jar. For pickling, though, it would be noticeable. If you are storing salt for this purpose, you should be sure to choose plain pickling salt, or other food grade pure salt such as kosher salt. In the iodized varieties, the iodine can cause discoloration or darkening of pickled foods so be certain not to use it for that purpose. For folks who come from areas that are historically iodine deficient a store of iodized salt for table consumption is of real importance.
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> Canning Salt: This is pure salt and nothing but salt. It can usually be found in the canning supplies section of most stores. This is the preferred salt for most food preservation or storage uses. It is generally about the same grain size as table salt.
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> Kosher Salt: This salt is not really, in itself, kosher, but is used in "koshering" meat to make the flesh kosher for eating. This involves first soaking the meat then rubbing it with the salt to draw out the blood which is not-kosher and is subsequently washed off along with the salt. The cleansed meat is then kosher. What makes it of interest for food storage and preservation is that it is generally pure salt suitable for canning, pickling and meat curing. It is of a larger grain size than table or canning salt and usually rolled to make the grains flaked for easier dissolving. Frequently it is slightly cheaper than canning salt and usually easier to find in urban/suburban areas.
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> Sea Salt: This type of salt comes in about as many different varieties as coffee and from many different places around the world. The "gourmet" versions can be rather expensive. In general, the types sold in grocery stores, natural food markets and gourmet shops have been purified enough to use in food. It's not suitable for food preservation, though, because the mineral content it contains (other than the sodium chloride) may cause discoloration of the food.
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> Rock or Ice Cream Salt: This type of salt comes in large chunky crystals and is intended primarily for use in home ice cream churns to lower the temperature of the ice filled water in which the churn sits. It's also sometimes used in icing down beer kegs or watermelons. It is used in food preservation by some, but none of the brands I have been able to find label it as food grade nor do they specifically mention its use in foods so I would not use it for this purpose.
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> Solar Salt This is also sometimes confusingly called "sea salt". It is not, however, the same thing as the sea salt found in food stores. Most importantly, it is not food grade. Its main purpose is for use in water softeners. The reason it is called "solar" and sometimes "sea salt" is that it is produced by evaporation of sea water in large ponds in various arid areas of the world. This salt type is not purified and still contains the desiccated remains of whatever aquatic life might have been trapped in it. Those organic remains might react with the proteins in the foods you are attempting to preserve and cause it to spoil.
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> Halite: This is the salt that is used on roads to melt snow and ice. It is not food grade and should not be used in food preservation. This form of salt is also frequently called rock salt, like the rock salt above, but neither is suitable for food use.

Uses for Salt:
Medicinal Uses: The medicinal uses of salt are also great. Ancient peoples learned early on that applying salt to an open or infectious wound would draw out the infection and help it heal. People from many places after cutting themselves pour salt directly into the open wound to disinfect it. And who doesn't remember their mother or grandmother prescribing a saltwater gargle to cure a sore throat. It can ease the pain of sores. It will speed healing (try it on a canker sore). Apply the salt straight on the wound (it sometimes stings initially), or dilute it with water. ½½ tsp. in warm water is good for headaches and indigestion.
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> Culinary: The importance of salt as a culinary ingredient is obvious; it's in almost every recipe. Salt is not actually a flavor, per se, but more of a flavor enhancer. A pinch of salt will bring forth the flavors that are already present. Salt can also be used as a cooking vessel similar to clay or terracotta. Salt baking is a very ancient method that has recently become popular. Foods are encased in a sort of salt-dough and baked in a moderate oven, which was initially done in a pit or near an open fire. After baking, the crust is removed and discarded; the resulting product is succulent, flavorful and, surprisingly, not salty.
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> Preservation: is another primary use of salt. Foods coated with salt release some of their juices and, to a certain extent, dry out, which considerably increases the shelf life of perishables. Prior to modern refrigeration this technique was of utmost importance, but today it's a matter of taste. One of the most common salted foods is gravlox, which translates loosely to English as "buried salmon." As the name suggests, it was originally a recipe that entailed salting and burying the fish in the coolness of the earth in order to preserve it. To make a contemporary gravlox, the fish is spiced and salted, then weighted and refrigerated for at least 72 hours. Though it is not technically cooked by heat conduction, the resulting texture is somewhat firm and very similar to that of smoked fish.
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> Consumer Tips for Salt Use (Some of these uses are for now, some would be vital to know in a survival situation.) http://www.saltinstitute.org/29.html
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> Besides flavoring foods, it isrecipes.html believed there are more than 14,000 uses of salt, and our grandmothers were probably familiar with most of them. Many of these uses were for simple things around the home before the advent of modern chemicals and cleaners. However, many uses are still valid today and a lot cheaper than using more sophisticated products.
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> We make no guarantee about the results if you try any of them, but there must be something to them since they have been handed down over the years in many households. Most of these uses have stood the test of time.
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> The most familiar use of salt undoubtedly is in the kitchen and on the dining table. Salt accents the flavor of meat, brings out individuality of vegetables, puts "oomph" into bland starches, deepens the flavor of delicate desserts and develops flavor of melons and certain other fruits. No other seasoning has yet been found that can satisfactorily take the place of salt. But there are other uses around the home, too.
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> Salt is an excellent cleaning agent, by itself or in combination with other substances. A solution of salt and turpentine restores the whiteness to yellowed enameled bathtubs and lavatories. A paste of salt and vinegar cleans tarnished brass or copper. A strong brine poured down the kitchen sink prevents grease from collecting and eliminates odors.
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> Salt helps destroy moths and drives away ants. A dash of salt in laundry starch keeps the iron from sticking and gives linen and fine cottons a glossy, like-new finish. A thin paste of salt and salad oil removes white marks caused by hot dishes or water from wooden tables.
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> A box of salt is an important item in many bathrooms. In mild solutions, it makes an excellent mouthwash, throat gargle or eye-wash; it is an effective dentifrice; it is an effective antiseptic; and it can be extremely helpful as a massage element to improve complexion.
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> Here are some more tips.
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> Kitchen
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> Boiling Water - Salt added to water makes the water boil at a higher temperature, thus reducing cooking time. (It does not make the water boil faster.)
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> Peeling eggs - Boiling eggs in salted water will make eggs peel easily.
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> Poaching eggs - Poaching eggs over salted water helps set the egg whites.
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> Testing egg freshness - Place the egg in a cup of water to which two teaspoonfuls of salt has been added. A fresh egg sinks; a doubter will float.
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> Preventing browning - Apples, pears and potatoes dropped in cold, lightly salted water as they are peeled will retain their color.
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> Shelling pecans - Soaking pecans in salt water for several hours before shelling will make nut meats easier to remove.
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> Washing spinach - If spinach is washed in salted water, repeated cleaning will not be necessary.
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> Preventing sugaring - A little salt added to cake icings prevents them from sugaring.
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> Crisping salads - Salting salads immediately before serving will keep them crisp.
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> Improving boiled potatoes - Boiled potatoes will be given a fine, mealy texture by sprinkling with salt after draining, then returning them to the pan and shaking them back and forth quickly to get rid of the excess moisture.
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> Cleaning greasy pans - The greasiest iron pan will wash easily if you put a little salt in it and wipe with paper.
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> Cleaning stained cups - Rubbing with salt will remove stubborn tea or coffee stains from cups.
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> Cleaning ovens - Salt and cinnamon take the "burned food" odor away from ovens and stove burners. Sprinkle spills while oven and burners are still hot; when dry, remove the salted spots with a stiff brush or cloth.
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> Cleaning refrigerators - Salt and soda water will clean and sweeten the inside of your refrigerator. It won't scratch enamel either.
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> Extinguishing grease fires - Salt tossed on a grease fire on the stove or in the oven will smother flames. Never use water; it will only spatter the burning grease.
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> Improving poultry - To improve the flavor of poultry, rub the fowl inside and out with salt before roasting.
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> Removing pinfeathers - To remove pinfeathers easily from a chicken, rub the chicken skin with salt first.
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> Cleaning tarnished silverware - Rub tarnish with salt before washing.
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> Cleaning copper pans - Remove stains on copper pans by salting area and scouring with a cloth soaked in vinegar.
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> Cleaning coffee pots - Remove bitterness from percolators and other coffee pots by filling with water, adding four tablespoons of salt and percolating or boiling as usual.
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> Removing onion odors from hands - Rub fingers with salt moistened with vinegar.
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> "Sweetening" containers - Salt can "sweeten" and deodorize thermos bottles and jugs, decanters and other closed containers.
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> Cleaning sink drains - Pour strong salt brine down the kitchen sink drain regularly to eliminate odors and keep grease from building up.
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> Brightening cutting boards - After washing them with soap and water, rub bread and cutting boards with a damp cloth dipped in salt; the boards will be lighter and brighter.
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> Fixing over salted soups - If soup has been over salted, cut up a raw potato or two and drop into the soup. The potato will absorb the salt.
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> Cleaning dried-on egg - Salt not only makes eggs taste better, but it makes "eggy" dishes clean easier. Sprinkle salt on dishes right after breakfast; it makes them a whiz to clean when you have time.
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> Preventing food from sticking - Rub a pancake griddle with a small bag of salt to prevent sticking and smoking. Sprinkle a little salt in the skillet before frying fish to prevent the fish from sticking. Sprinkle salt on washed skillets, waffle iron plates or griddles, heat in a warm oven, dust off salt; when they are next used, foods will not stick.
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> Preventing mold - To prevent mold on cheese, wrap it in a cloth dampened with saltwater before refrigerating.
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> Whipping cream and beating egg whites - By adding a pinch of salt, cream will whip better and egg whites will beat faster and higher.
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> Keeping milk fresh - Adding a pinch of salt to milk will keep it fresh longer.
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> Setting gelatin - To set gelatin salads and desserts quickly, place over ice that has been sprinkled with salt.
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> Cleaning
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> Cleaning brass - Mix equal parts of salt, flour and vinegar to make a paste, rub the paste on the brass item, leave on for an hour or so, then clean with a soft cloth or brush and buff with a dry cloth.
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> Cleaning wicker - To prevent yellowing, scrub wicker furniture with a stiff brush moistened with warm saltwater and allow drying in the sun.
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> Cleaning grease spots on rugs - Some grease spots can be removed with a solution of one part salt and four parts alcohol and rubbing hard but carefully to avoid damage to the nap.
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> Extending broom life - New brooms will wear longer if soaked in hot saltwater before they are first used.
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> Removing rings from tables - White rings left on tables from wet or hot dishes or glasses can be removed by rubbing a thin paste of salad oil and salt on the spot with your fingers, letting it stand an hour or two, then wiping it off.
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> Restoring sponges - Give sponges’ new life by soaking them in cold saltwater after they are washed.
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> Settling suds - If a washing machine bubbles over from too many suds, sprinkle salt on the suds to reduce them.
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> Brightening colors - Wash colored curtains or washable fiber rugs in a saltwater solution to brighten the colors. Brighten faded rugs and carpets by rubbing them briskly with a cloth that has been dipped in a strong saltwater solution and wrung out.
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> Removing perspiration stains - Add four tablespoons of salt to one quart of hot water and sponge the fabric with the solution until stains disappear.
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> Brightening yellowed cottons or linens - Boil the yellowed items for one hour in a salt and baking soda solution
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> Removing blood stains - Soak the stained clothing or other cloth item in cold saltwater, then launder in warm, soapy water and boil after the wash. (Use only on cotton, linen or other natural fibers that can take high heat.)
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> Removing mildew or rust stains - Moisten stained spots with a mixture of lemon juice and salt, then spread the item in the sun for bleaching; and finally, rinse and dry.
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> Color-matching nylons - Good nylons that don't have a match can be made the same color by boiling them a few minutes in a pan of lightly salted water.
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> Fixing sticking iron - Sprinkle a little salt on a piece of paper and run the hot iron over it to remove rough, sticky spots.
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> Removing "salt stains" from carpets - "Salt" stains are usually caused by calcium chloride and magnesium chloride, not sodium chloride, according to the Carpet and Rug Institute. Rock salt has small amounts of both of these salts imbedded in it. The problem comes with solubility. Patience and lots of rinse cycles are the key and sometimes calcium carbonate forms and this is fairly insoluble. Try to vacuum most of the dry residue off before using cool to warm water and a very small amount of carpet shampoo. Once the cleaning solution has been applied, allow time for it to dissolve the deposit. Blot, do not scrub, the spot. Sodium chloride is more soluble at lower temps than at higher ones. Then rinse with clear lukewarm water, blotting up the excess moisture and follow with another water rinse and blot dry. This should work. If not, try a cleaning mixture of 1/2 white vinegar to 1/2 lukewarm water, allow to stand 15 minutes and rinse with clear water.
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> Health & Beauty
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> Gargling - Stir 1/2 teaspoon salt in an 8-ounce glass of warm water for use as a gargle for sore throats.
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> Cleaning teeth - Mix one part salt to two parts baking soda after pulverizing the salt in a blender or rolling it on a kitchen board with a tumbler before mixing. It whitens teeth, helps remove plaque and it is healthy for the gums.
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> Washing mouth - Mix equal parts of salt and baking soda as a mouth wash that sweetens the breath.
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> Bathing eyes - Mix 1/2 teaspoon of salt in a pint of water and use the solution to bathe tired eyes.
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> Reducing eye puffiness - Mix one teaspoon of salt in a pint of hot water and apply pads soaked in the solution on the puffy areas.
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> Relieving tired feet - Soak aching feet in warm water to which a handful of salt has been added. Rinse in cool water.
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> Relieving bee stings - If stung, immediately wet the spot and cover with salt to relieve the pain.
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> Treating mosquito and chigger bites - Soak in saltwater, and then apply a mixture of lard and salt.
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> Treating poison ivy - Soaking the exposed part in hot saltwater helps hasten the end to poison ivy irritation
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> Relieving fatigue - Soak relaxed for at least ten minutes in a tub of water into which several handfuls of salt has been placed. Try this recipe for "aches and itches." ½ cup baking soda, ½ cup dry milk, ½ cup Epsom salt, 1 cup sea salt. Mix together and store in a large Ziploc bag, http://parentingteens.about.com/library/sp/blkidscookt77.htm?terms=salt
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> Removing dry skin - After bathing and while still wet give yourself a massage with dry salt. It removes dead skin particles and aids the circulationhttp://herbsforhealth.about.com/cs/aromatherapyrecip/ht/htsaltglow.htm?terms=saltApplying facial - For a stimulating facial, mix equal parts of salt and olive oil and gently massage the face and throat with long upward and inward strokes. Remove mixture after five minutes and wash face.http://www.bathsalt-hq.com/
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> Other Uses
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> Extinguishing grease fires - Keep a box of salt handy at your stove and oven and if a grease fire flares up, cover the flames with salt. Do not use water on grease fires; it will splatter the burning grease. Also a handful of salt thrown on flames from meat dripping in barbecue grills will reduce the flames and deaden the smoke without cooling the coals as water does.
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> Drip-proofing candles - Soak new candles in a strong salt solution for a few hours, and then dry them well. When burned they will not drip.
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> Removing soot - Occasionally throw a handful of salt on the flames in your fireplace; it will help loosen soot from the chimney and salt makes a bright yellow flame.
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> Cleaning fish tanks - Rub the inside of fish tanks with salt to remove hard water deposits, then rinse well before returning the fish to the tank. Use only plain, not iodized, salt.
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> Invigorating goldfish - Occasionally add one teaspoon of salt to a quart of fresh water at room temperature and put your goldfish in for about 15 minutes. Then return them to their tank. The salt swim makes them healthier. http://www.aquascienceresearch.com/APInfo/Salt.htm
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> Cleaning flower vases - To remove deposits caused by flowers and water, rub with salt; if you cannot reach the deposits to rub them, put a strong salt solution in the vase and shake, and then wash the vase with soap and water.
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> Keeping cut flowers fresh - A dash of salt added to the water in a flower vase will keep cut flowers fresh longer.
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> Holding artificial flowers - Artificial flowers can be held in an artistic arrangement by pouring salt into the container, adding a little cold water and then arranging the flowers. The salt will solidify as it dries and hold the flowers in place.
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> Keeping patios weed-free - If weeds or unwanted grass come up between patio bricks or blocks, carefully spread salt between the bricks and blocks, then sprinkle with water or wait for rain to wet it down.
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> Killing poison ivy - Mix three pounds of salt with a gallon of soapy water and apply to leaves and stems with a sprayer.
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> Keeping windows frost-free - Rub the inside of windows with a sponge dipped in a saltwater solution and rub dry; the windows will not frost up in sub-freezing weather. Rubbing a small cloth bag containing salt that has been moistened on your car's windshield will keep snow and ice from collecting.
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> De-icing sidewalks and driveways - Lightly sprinkling rock salt on walks and driveways will keep snow and ice from bonding to the pavement and allow for easy removal. Don't overdo it; use the salt sensibly to avoid damage to grass and ornamentals.
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> Deodorizing shoes - Sprinkling a little salt in canvas shoes occasionally will take up the moisture and help remove odors.
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> Have fun with salt- Salt can be converted easily into an inexpensive play.
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> Play Dough - 1 c. water, food coloring 2 tbsp. oil 1 c. flour 2 tsp. cream of tartar 1/2 c. salt 1 or 2 drops oil of peppermint (optional) Combine water, food coloring and oil in saucepan. Stir in flour, cream of tartar, salt and oil of peppermint. Cook over medium heat until mixture forms ball, stirring constantly. Spoon onto waxed paper. Let stand until cool enough to handle. Knead until smooth. Store in plastic bag.

Lesson #4 Water

Water!

Storage of water is one of the simplest but most neglected areas of emergency preparedness. Many people store dried storage foods are dried such as powdered milk, beans, rice, etc. which required water for eating.

You can survive several days or even weeks without food, but only a very short time without water. A normally active person needs to consume 2 quarts of water each day to remain healthy. Activity increases that amount, which if you were in a crisis circumstance activity would be increased.
If you have pets you need to remember to include about a gallon a day per dog and a pint per day per cat.
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> Facts about water
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> One gallon of water weighs 8 lbs.
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> Water is more essential than food in sustaining life.
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> Many times when you feel hungry, it is because you are dehydrated. When you feel hungry between meals, have a glass of water before you grab something to eat.
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> Water helps your kidneys function better. In fact water cleanses all your vital organs. Your spinal cord needs water to cushion the bones, Water helps reduce headaches & helps regulate your blood pressure.
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> Many of the health problem Americans suffer are actually caused by dehydration. By the time you feel thirsty your body is already dehydrated to some extent. Drink before you feel thirst.
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> Water is also a way to boost your immune system & help yourself stay healthy. It can lower your risk of major diseases. It also helps your skin & helps keep you looking younger longer.
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> After using water for dishes, bathing etc. water will be used for other purposes that be discussed later
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> How much water should I store?
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> According to the Red Cross and Civil defense, you need a minimum of 14 gallons per person for a 2 week period. That is enough for 1 gallon per person per day, which is bare minimum survival,
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> 3 gallons needed for enough water for personal hygiene, doing dishes
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> 4 gallons to have enough for more personal care, to wash clothing and minimal cleaning.
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> This breaks down as follows: (In parenthesis are per person needs)
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> Drinking- Seven gallons for drinking would give each person 8 cups per day for 2 weeks (½ gallon)
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> Food Preparation for a family of 6 will take about 1 1/2 gallon per day. (1 quart)
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> Washing Dishes - 1 ½ gallon per day (1 quart)
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> Personal Hygiene - Hygiene water is not optional! If you don't wash your hands you can spread diseases quickly. Tooth brushing water must be purified. Tooth brushing will take 1 cup per teeth brushing, not with running water. (brush 2 times minimum) Pour the water in the cup and swish from there. Hand washing would take absolute minimum of 2 cups. This would need to be purified too, your hands touch what goes into your mouth. Wash your hands 3 meals and 4 times going potty= 7 times minimum. (½ gallon)
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> Sanitation needs- you can flush your toilet with out running water, if you don’t have broken pipes. We will talk about sanitation in detail later on, but several people would have to use the bathroom before you used a 2 gallons to flush it. That would have to be a personal choice. For our purposes we will say 3 flushes per day = 6 gallons. (1 gallon) (You would need to use water from left over dishes and washing hands.)
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> Bathing - Can be done via spit bath..each person uses 2 quarts water to get cleaned up with, starting with the top of the body and going to the feet... You would have to save up to wash hair. (Note this water does not have to be purified like drinking water.) (½ gallon)
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> A bathing side note: There are also solar showers that work well in the summer time. They come in several sizes. It takes several hours and you need a sunny day. You probably need more than one per family or there could be only one shower per day–they take anywhere from 2-5 gallons depending on the size. Also if you use minimum water–less than 2 inches you could take a bath. If water is really short, then more than one person can bathe in the same water, just adding a bit more hot water, and saving a bit of fresh for rinsing hair.
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> TOTAL for minimum’s listed above= 3 gallons per day. ( A little less with recycling)

If we were truly in a crisis situation , we would probably know after about a week that the water wasn’t coming back on, with this amount of water, we would hopefully have enough time to find more resources before it ran out.

This chart shows how much water you would need for a two weeks supply for 1-2-3-4-5-6 people.

(Babies would need more.)
@ person @ day

1 person
2 people
3 people
4 people
5 people
6 people

1 gallon each
14 gallons
28 gallons
42 gallons
56 gallons
70 gallons
84 gallons

2 gallons each
28 gallons
56 gallons
84 gallons
112 gallons
140 gallons
168 gallons


3 gallons each
42 gallons
84 gallons
126 gallons
168 gallons
210 gallons
252 gallons

4 gallons each
56 gallons
112 gallons
168 gallons
224 gallons
280 gallons
336 gallons

What is the shelf life of stored water?

Water must be stored in clean containers and out of sunlight. If stored properly water should have an indefinite shelf life. It is advised that you trade out your water every 6 to 12 months. (We do ours every Oct. Conf.)
After setting for a while water will taste flat. You will need to pour it between containers to aerate.
How can I store water?
You can get really creative with storage containers for water. You can store a lot of water without spending a lot of money on containers I have 100+ gallons in random containers. Here are a few ideas: one and two liter pop bottles, juice bottles, mouthwash bottles, V-8, punch, Gatorade, Pedialite bottles, etc. Any bottles that come with food liquid in them (except oil) can be used. Be sure to wash well. (Once you get your water supply you can also use these to store, wheat, beans, popcorn etc. Your water is top priority for these.) You can acquire two-liter plastic bottles for nothing. If you currently buy soft drinks in cans, switch to plastic bottles and save the empties. They are easy to tuck in nooks and crannies all over your house. They make it easy to transfer water from your large storage source into other area’s.

As you empty your fruit jars, wash lids and fill bottles (these wouldn’t be sealed) back up with water to store on your shelf, when canning season arrives and you haven’t used the water you can empty and fill with fruit. Never leave a canning jar empty!

Milk and oil containers will continue to leach fat back into the water, no matter how much you wash them out. Milk containers are also designed to break down after 6 months

You can also store waters in barrels designated for water, coke barrels, food barrels, as long as the food hasn't had fat in it. If you buy used containers to use for water storage, be sure and wash them out with Clorox water before filling them with your water.

Covington Water District started its Rainbarrel Distribution Program in March 1997, to make Rainbarrels available to their existing customers to help them conserve water.
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> The Rainbarrels are:
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· Recycled 55-gallon drums

· Food-grade quality
· Plastic

· Note from Clorox regarding use of Clorox bottles for storage - "Although our current label says not to use the Clorox bottle for storage of any liquid except Clorox, it is safe to use the bottle for the storage of water after the bottle has been rinsed out with water and proper procedures are followed. Rinsing the bottle before adding water will avoid getting too much or too little Clorox in the water for purifying. Too much would not be harmful, but it would cause the water to be distasteful.
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> Do not use metal containers
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> 5 gallon plastic water containers are available at army surplus, sporting good stores, discount stores and preparedness stores.
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> When you fill up barrels be sure and use water safe hoses to fill them up
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> This will be discussed later but you can start now to use your dish washing soap bottles, liquid laundry soap bottles & dish washing soap, liquid soap bottles too. After you use it all up, don’t rinse it out. Fill with water and label it soapy water. That way you will have it to use for sanitation and not have to use precious drinking water Cooking, washing dishes, cleaning, personal hygiene, etc. will all be discussed in coming up weeks.
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> Where can I store water?
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> Water is bulky, but in smaller containers you can tuck here and there. You can put water in the back of our corner bathroom cupboards, in the outer darkness corners of our kitchen cupboards, in the backs of closets and the corners of upper closet shelves. Behind beds and under beds. You can tie a piece of twine or rope around the neck of 2 liter containers, mount a 2x4 along storage walls and hook the liter bottles over nails on those boards. These can be run high next to the ceiling to use otherwise wasted space in storage areas.
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> Be sure and keep water out of sunlight and heat.
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> How do I treat water?
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> It is not necessary to treat water from a public water supply if it is already chlorinated.. Many public water supplies are already treated and should be free of harmful germs.
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> Water from untested and untreated water supplies such as a private well or spring should be purified or treated before drinking or storage.
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> Clorox - Amounts according to civil defense guidelines. Double if water is cloudy. After adding proper dosage, stir and allow to stand about 30 minutes.

Quart
½ Gallon
1 Gallon

5 Gallons
2drops
4 drops

16 drops

1 tsp
> Boiling - Most water can be purified for drinking purposes by boiling it for 5 to 10 minutes. Bring it to a boil then start timing If your pot is covered it will shorten the time to reach a boil. This method is recognized as the safest treatment against bacteria and viruses. NOTE: This does not remove pesticides or other harmful chemicals.
>
> Sterilizing - Sterilized water may also be stored. To sterilize, boil water for 10 minutes and pout into hot sterilized jars, put on sterilized lids, or you can process bottles of water in a water bath. (Ten minutes for a quart jar.) Store in boxes with cardboard dividers or on shelves with a 1x2 board across the front of your shelves to prevent glass breakage in earthquake emergency
>
> Purification Tablets - Tablets that release iodine may be used safely to purify drinking water. These can be found at drug and sporting good stores. Use tables according to instructions on the package. Usually one tablet is sufficient for one quart of water (double dosage if water is cloudy.)
>
> Liquid Iodine - caution if you are pregnant, nursing or have thyroid problems do not use Iodine
>
> Double if water is cloudy
>
> Quart
>
>
> ½ gallon
>
>
> Gallon
>
>
> 3 drops
>
>
> 6 drops
>
>
> 12 drops
>
>
> Filters - Most water filters will filter out bacteria and other chemical impurities and are used successfully by many people in places all over the world. They are generally designed so that pre-treatment of the water by chemicals is not necessary/ But not all filters are the same and some may not work well on very small viruses. This is the reason for chemically treating the water before filtering. It adds an extra measure of safety. Portable water filers are available at most sporting goods store’s. You will need to research each filter to find which will meet your need.
>
> Water Pouches or Water bottles - You can use these for 72 hour kits are storage. They are ready to drink and are minimal in cost.
>
> Essentials of a water treatment kit
>
> 1 bottle Clorox (Clorox will loose it’s umph after about 18 months, so this needs to be rotated.)
>
> 1 tsp measure
>
> 1 medicine dropper
>
> 1 funnel
>
> Coffee filters (these would be for filtering water with debris)
>
> What other sources of liquid will count for liquid intake?
>
> Water packed fruits and vegetables
>
> Canned or bottled fruit juices. If they are concentrated, you need to plan on water to reconstitute.
>
> Fresh fruits that are not contaminated
>
> Do you know resources to get water from after a disaster has occurred?
>
> Ice - Liquids in refrigerator or freezer such as milk, juices, ice, would be short term liquids to be used first.
>
> Water Bed - Algae does grow in water beds so you need an algae inhibitor, make sure it is not poisonous to humans. This water should be used for flushing toilets or other uses rather than drinking.
>
> Toilet Tanks - This holds 3-5 gallons, do not use for drinking.
>
> Bath Tub - As soon as a disaster happens, if you are able fill your bathtubs and every container you have with water. If the water stays on, you can empty these out, if it doesn’t you will have extra to use.
>
> Rain Barrel - In the event that a disaster created a long term problem, a barrel that you can use to collect water after rainstorms would be priceless. Place under down spouts on home. You could use to do laundry, water garden, flowers or purify to drink.
>
> I will give send you a plan for making a Rainbarrel by attachment.
>
>
>
> Hauling Water - In the event we were without water for an extended period of time, we would need to haul water. You would also need containers to haul the water. By this time water barrels would be empty so they could be used for this purpose. Especially in times of disaster assume any water not stored or purchased is contaminated. It could a crystal clear stream and still be polluted. Even spring water could be contaminated. If the water you locate is brackish, first strain the debris thought a paper towel, clean cloth or coffee filter. Instructions follows.)
>
> Water Heater (50 gallons each)
>
> Turn of gas/electricity supply to tank.
>
> Close the main water valve to your home
>
> Turn off the inlet water valve at the top of the water heater.
>
> Turn on the nearest faucet This will allow air to enter the hot water tank as you drain it.
>
> Drain water into a container by opening the drain faucet at the bottom of the heater.
>
> Never turn on the gas or electricity as long as the tank is empty.
>
> Water in pipes of house
>
> Shut off incoming water valve to prevent losing any of the water in your pipes and prevent contaminated water from entering if there are broken or contaminated lines.
>
> Open the two highest faucets in your home (hot and cold) This will allow air into the piping system ans you remove water below.
>
> Place a container under the lowest faucet in the house (a sink in the basement for example)
>
> Open faucet to fill container.
>
> ~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
>
> Several years ago there were about 8 families who lived for 72 hours without water, electricity, plumbing etc and used our food storage foods. and we lived to tell about it!!! We learned a lot!
>
> Each family filled out an evaluation form. These are a few notes from those forms.
>
> (The notes about sanitation uses, cooking and cleaning will be included when we get to that part.)
>
> 1 - Was your stored water ok to drink?
>
> Some of the water was cloudy, it made me nervous to use it. We did purify some and we boiled the rest of it. Both ways were fine to use,. but the water that was boiled after it had cooled tasted better. If you have to boil your water, you need fuel to do that, so it is better to just purify it right to begin with.
>
> The water that had been sitting for a while tasted flat, we used a couple of jars to pour back and forth between and then it was great! After doing this I will be better about rotating our water yearly.
>
> We had a filter we used to put the water through, but then realized that the water we had stored was city water and already chlorinated, so we wouldn’t have needed to filter it. It would have been better to save the filter for contaminated water.
>
> Sometimes we weren’t real accurate about measuring the Clorox, so some of the water was stronger than others, we now measure the Clorox very carefully
>
> 2 - How was it only using one gallon per person per day?
>
> At the end we were all ecstatic to turn on the water! What a blessing clear ready to use water is. We let everyone use the large pop bottles (2 quarts) for drinking and one bottle to use for everything else, washing faces, brushing teeth, spit baths, cooking and cleaning. It is not very much water!
>
> We found it takes 1 gallon of water to do dishes for 6-10 people and about ½ (2 quarts) gallon to rinse. Times 3 meals is 3 gallons for washing and 1 ½ gallon for rinsing. The water when it was done was used to wash floors, etc. Paper plates were invaluable to help with water usage.
>
> We also used Clorox in our rinsing water for dishes to keep them cleaner
>
> Everyone used a cup of water to brush teeth and a cup each time we washed hands. We kept hand washing water to use for other things.
>
> We had a lot of water containers that were empty, not sure where to put them after they had been used up.
>
> In a crisis situation, we've either got to flush less or have more water. This was a real eye opener.
>
>
>
> Some of the strategies we've used would be useful in any emergency where water was at a premium.
>
> 1. Community water for bathing. If water is really short, then more than one person can bathe in the same water, just adding a bit more hot water, and saving a bit of fresh for rinsing hair. In the old days, everybody took a bath once a week on Saturday night in the same old wooden bathtub.
>
> 2. Don't empty the tub afterwards. Put a bucket in it and use it for flushing the toilet.
>
> 3. Save all gray water for watering plants. In the old days entire gardens were watered with this water. Water was taken from the top without disturbing the sediment that settled to the bottom. No noticeable damage to the plants.
>
> 4. When rinsing dishes, fill the largest with water, and rinse them all in that water. The idea is to get the stuck pieces off, so it really doesn't matter how dirty this water gets. Then wash by hand in clean water.
>
> 5. Water plants after dark, so evaporation is minimal. Water less often, but deeply. Both minimize the water needed and maximize the water available to the plant.
>
> 7. Hand wipes or antibacterial water less soap, cuts down on water needs.
>
> 8 Paper dishes would cut down for a short term emergency but not a long term situation.
>
> 9. Laundry you could postpone for a while if it is a short term emergency.
>
> 10.At some point if it is a long term problem we would have to build outhouses...will be discussed later.
>
> Good old fashioned purifying water instructions: (This is definitely info for the binder!)
>
> First, filter it. Filtering is important to remove the dirt and other debris that is in the water. Bacteria like to hang on to these things and they make it hard for any disinfectant to kill the bacteria. Start with a coarse filter (even a clean cloth) to get out the rocks and logs, then move to a finer filter. You can make a sand filter using a couple of five gallon buckets. Put holes in the bottom (big holes), then put in some rocks, that will hold the sand. Then put 6-8 inches of clean sand in on top of the rocks. You should have about 12" of open space at the top. Set this up over the second bucket (use the lid of the second bucket to set it on - with holes in the lid to match up with the top bucket). You can then put your water into the top of the first bucket and just let it filter through the sand. This is a slow sand filter and has been used for well over 150 years in many places to clean the water. It's pretty effective.
>
> Finally, add water purifier or chlorine (Clorox, etc.) to disinfect the water. Chlorine is not necessarily the best disinfectant, but it is cheap and can be stored easily. Clorox is good, but avoid the scented types. .
>
> If you don’t have Clorox boil water for 10 minutes.
>
> If you get dehydrated-
>
> These are the foods you need to help you recover more quickly.
>
> Gatorade (powered stores well--but you need water for rehydrate it!)
>
> Yogurt (Yogurt starter is available, you need powdered milk and water for this),
>
> Cottage cheese (you need rennet and powdered milk and water for this),
>
> Apple juice
>
> Ensure or meal replacement (powered is available--but you need water for this as well).
>
> No hard foods for several days as it takes more water inside you to digest it.
>
> Assignment for this week:
>
> Inventory the water in your house---How much do you have? How much do you need? What are your resources? What can you store water in and where?
>
> Choose one day and let every person use just one gallon of water and see how far it goes. Then you can evaluate your personal circumstances to know how much water you think you should have.
>
> By the end of May try to have the minimum at least 14 gallons per person in your home. (Remember your water heater counts in this total.)
>
> Stock up on two-liter soft drink bottles– Soft drink bottles have three outstanding features: they are cheap, they are convenient, and when filled, in a post disaster era they will make excellent barter items, In an emergency, people will gladly exchange food, fuel, or other valuable articles. for safe, clean water.
>
> Again, practice how you'll wash hands, dishes, flush the toilet, etc. NOW when deciding how much to store and how long it will last. Getting a sponge bath, brushing teeth without running water, and so on are all skills that many of us are unfamiliar with.

Lesson #3 Cooking with Wheat


COOKING WITH WHEAT

So let's get started with cooking with wheat. You can use wheat in many various forms; whole, cracked, ground, and sprouted.

EASY QUICK WHEAT BROWNIES

1 egg

2 cups sugar

6 Tbls Milk

1 tsp Vanilla

6 TBSP Cocoa 2 cups white wheat flour (or 1/4 wheat and 1 1/2 cups flour--or 1/2 and 1/2)

1/2 tsp salt Mix Pour into Jelly roll pan

Bake for 18 mins or less at 350*

Peanut Butter Cookies

1/2 cup shortening (or applesauce)

1 cup brown sugar

1/2 cup peanut butter 1 egg well beaten 2 tbsp Milk 1 tsp soda 1 1/2 cups wheat flour (or 1/2 and 1/2) Cream sugar and shortening. Add egg and peanut butter. Add Milk and dry ingredients, Form balls the size of a golf ball. Put on cookie sheet and smash down both ways with a fork dipped in sugar. Bake 8 mins at 350* .

Foolproof Whole Wheat Bread

Combine in mixer and beat 10 minutes5 C. hot tap water

9 C. Whole wheat flour

Combine the following in a measuring cup to mix while above beats:

2 Tbsp. yeast

1 C. water

1 Tbsp sugar

After ten minutes, add the following to the mixture in the mixer bowl:

2 Tbsp. salt

2/3 C. oil

2/3 C. honey

then add yeast mixture to mixer bowl.

Slowly add 4-8 cups white flour to mixer bowl 1 cup at a time until of god consistency. Knead on low 10 more minutes. Allow to raise till double. Punch down, divide dough into 5 and place in pans for second rising. Bake 350 degree oven for 40 minutes.

Four-grain Cereal

1/2 c rye

1/2 c whole wheat

1/2 c brown rice

1/2 c millet

4 1/2 c water

1 t salt

Combine all ingredients in a 2-qt casserole. Cover, and bake overnight in a

1500 oven. Serves 6 to 8.

Whole Wheat Cooked Cereal

1 c wheat

2 c water

1/2 t salt

Method #1: Combine wheat, water, and salt in a small saucepan. Bring to a boil, and then reduce heat to low. Cover, and simmer for 2 to 3 hours, adding additional water, if needed.

Method #2: Combine all ingredients in a 1-quart casserole dish. Cover, and bake in an 1500 F. Oven for 6 hours or overnight. Yield: 4 servings.

Popped Wheat and Seeds - Basic Mix

1 c wheat

1 c sunflower seeds

1 c brown rice

1 c pumpkin seeds

1/4 c sesame seeds

Dry "pop" seeds and grains, one at a time, in a heavy skillet. Mix all together. This mixture is good without salt or seasonings, but if desired, season with the following:

B-B-Q Seed Mix

1 c Basic Mix

2 t Barbecue seasoning (powdered)

1/2 t beef bouillon granules

1/2 t oil

To hot popped seeds and grains, add oil, bouillon, and flavoring. Mix well.

Chinese Seed Mix

1 c Basic Mix

1 t chicken bouillon granules

1/3 t ginger

1 T soy sauce

1 c Chinese noodles

1 c deep fried mung sprouts or freeze dried whole green peas

Mix and heat in skillet 1-2 minutes to dry out mixture. Serve hot or cold.

CRACKED WHEAT RECIPES

Chili Excellent

5 c dry beans, reds, pinks, or pintos

Water

1 to 2 (46-oz) cans tomato juice

1 c millet

4 lbs ground beef

6 onions, chopped

1 small bunch celery, chopped

1 large green pepper, chopped

4 t chili powder

1 t allspice

4 T salt

2 1/2 t cumin powder

1/2 to 1 c cracked wheat

Soak beans overnight in 10 cups of cold water. In the morning, drain off water, and add 8 to 10 cups fresh water. Simmer beans until nearly tender, approximately 1 = hours. Add tomato juice as needed. Add the millet, and

cook until beans and millet are completely tender. Partially fry the ground beef in a large skillet. Drain off fat. Add to beans and millet. Add chopped onions, celery, green pepper, remaining tomato juice, and spices. Simmer several hours until flavors are well blended. If chili is too thin, add ½ to 1 cup cracked wheat and continue simmering until wheat is tender. Makes approx. 8 quarts.

Cracked Wheat Pilaf

4 T butter

2 1/2 c hot water

1 small onion, chopped

1/2 c vermicelli pieces

1 c cracked wheat

3/4 t onion salt

3 chicken bouillon cubes

3 T chopped parsley

1 t thyme

Melt the butter or margarine over medium heat in a 2-qt saucepan. Add the onion, and saute lightly. Add cracked wheat, stirring to coat the kernels with butter. Stir until lightly toasted, about 5 minutes. Dissolve bouillon

cubes in hot water, and ad to the cracked wheat. Add vermicelli pieces, onion salt, chopped parsley, and thyme. Cover and simmer for 30 minutes or until tender. Serves 4.

Cashew Pilaf

Saute 4 T chopped cashew nuts and 3/4 c sesame seeds in a small amount of butter. Add to pilaf mixture. Cover, and simmer as directed.

Almond Pilaf

Add 1/3 c slivered almonds and 3 to 4 chopped green onions to pilaf mixture. Cover, and simmer as directed.

Vegetable Pilaf

Add 1 cup fresh, frozen, or reconstituted dehydrated green peas to the pilaf mixture. Cover, and simmer as directed.

Basic Whole Wheat Bread Recipe

This recipe yields 5 loaves. Cut in half, makes 3 loaves. Use an electric bread mixer or knead by hand.

Mix in bowl until flour is wet:

5 1/2 c hot tap water (1400F)

1/3 c honey

5 c whole wheat flour

1/2 c Gluten flour

ADD and mix for 15 seconds:

3 T yeast

ADD:

2/3 c oil (olive or vegetable)

1 T salt

Add seasonings for a variety of flavors at this point.

Continue adding flour (about 7 to 9 cups) until dough forms a ball and does not stick to sides or bottom of bowl. Knead with an electric bread mixer for 6 minutes or by hand about 10 minutes (300 kneading s). With oil on your hands remove the dough from bowl and form into loaves. Before placing loaf size dough into pan, fold and pound with side of fist a few times to get air bubbles out and to make a tighter and more elastic-like loaf. Make a tight ball-shape loaf and put in center of greased bread pan then place in a 125F oven or let rise on counter top till double in bulk. Turn oven up to 350Fand bake for about 30 minutes or until top and bottom crust are brown. Place on a wire rack to cool. Store in plastic bags.

For a Variety of Breads

To the basic bread recipe, add the following ingredients after the yeast has been stirred in.

Cheddar-Onion

4 T chopped dry onion

3 C grated white or regular cheddar cheese

1 T garlic powder

Cranberry-Orange

Add 1/2 c additional sweetening

2 C dried cranberries

4 T grated orange peel

Quick French

Cut oil and honey to only 2 T. Replace half the whole wheat flour with white flour, starting with the white first. For a crispy crust, glaze tops of loaves with egg white after bread has been baking about 20 minutes. If desired, sprinkle sesame seeds on top of glazed surface.

Garden Herb

6 T chopped stewed and drained tomatoes or any dehydrated vegetables (tomato, bell peppers, carrots, spinach, celery, etc.) which have been softened a few minutes in a little hot water. 4 T each of chopped dry onions

and whole dry basil, oregano and parsley (reserve 1 T parsley to sprinkle on top of loaves before baking.

Multi-Grain

Replace half of the whole wheat flour with any or all of the following ground grains: Corn, barley, oat, millet, flax, rye and bran.

Onion-Dill

4 T dry chopped onion

1 T dill seed

Pepper Parmesan

1 c Parmesan cheese

3 T whole dry basil leaves

1 T cracked black pepper

1 t cayenne pepper

Rye

Replace honey with blackstrap molasses for dark rye. Replace half the flour with rye flour. Add 4 T caraway seeds.

Spinach-Feta Cheese

1 c chopped frozen spinach (water squeezed out)

1 c (8-oz) feta cheese

2 T oregano, whole

1 T garlic powder

2 t black pepper

Fabulous French Bread

In large bowl, combine and mix well by hand or bread mixer:

3 c (of 6) flour (I use 2 cups whole wheat, 1 c white)

2 1/2 c hot water

3 T sugar

1 T salt

5 T oil

Stir in:

2 T yeast and remaining 3 c flour (I use white flour)

Dough should be barely sticky, add more flour if necessary. Mix well. Allow dough to rest for 10 minutes and stir again. Repeat five times for a total of 50 minutes. Turn out dough onto oil counter. Knead once or twice. Divide in two. Roll each half into a 9 x 12-inch rectangle. Starting at long edge, roll loosely. Seal edges. Place rolls seam side down on a baking sheet. Brush with cornmeal for a crispy crust (optional). Cut tops diagonally three times with a sharp knife. Brush with beaten egg white. Sprinkle with sesame seeds. Let rise for 30 minutes. Place in cold oven. Turn temperature to 400 F and bake for 25 to 30 minutes. YIELD: 2 loaves

Pizza Dough

Stir together and let sit 10 minutes

4 c warm water

4 T each active dry yeast and sugar

Stir into water mixture and knead for 10 minutes:

1/2 c oil

4 t salt

10 c whole wheat flour

Allow to sit for 30 minutes. Roll out 1/8 inch thick onto pans (this is enough dough for 4 pizzas). Top with pizza or spaghetti sauce, mozzarella cheese and other toppings. Bake for 20 minutes at 3750F.

Indian Fry Bread

Mix together:

4 c flour (half white)

1/2 c non instant powdered milk

2 t baking powder

2 t sugar

ADD:

1 1/2 c very hot water

Quickly work ingredients together and knead for a few minutes. Take pieces from ball of dough, pull and stretch with hands into a circle of about 6 to 8 inches. (Or roll out on oiled counter and cut into desired shapes.) Fry in hot oil. Top with chili or refried beans, grated cheese, green onions, lettuce, thawed and slightly steamed green peas, cooked garbanzo beans, olives, etc. With a drizzle of Ranch-type dressing on top.

Scones

1 qt buttermilk

8-9 c whole wheat flour or 5 cups whole wheat and 3-4 c white flour

2 T active dry yeast

2 T honey or sugar

2 t salt

1 T baking powder

1/2 t soda

1/3 c oil

2 eggs

Warm buttermilk to 125F. Combine 5 cups flour, yeast and honey in mixer bowl. Add buttermilk and mix 1 minute. Turn off mixer. Add salt, baking powder, soda, oil, and eggs. Turn on mixer and add remaining flour, 1 cup at a time until dough begins to clean the sides of the bowl. Dough should be soft. If dough gets too stiff, drizzle a little warm water over dough as it mixes to soften. Dough may be used immediately or covered and stored in the fridge for 2 to 3 weeks. Dough will continue to rise for a while in fridge. Knead down a few times. When ready to use, roll out room temperature dough on a lightly floured counter top. Cut into desired shape. Let rise. Cook on a non-stick griddle at 3750F turning when brown and cook other side or deep fry in hot oil. YIELD: 72 scones. Serve hot with honey butter, jam or

desired sweetener. Can be used as Fry Bread.

Pita Bread

Mix together:

2 c flour

1 T active dry yeast

ADD and mix well:

1 1/4 c water (1200F)

1/2 t salt

Gradually add another 2 c flour until dough cleans sides of bowl. Dough should be moderately stiff. Knead 4 - 5 minutes until dough is smooth and elastic-like. Do not over knead. Form dough into 10 balls. On a floured

counter top, roll each ball from the center out, into a 1/4-inch thick and 5 - 6 inches round shape. Make sure both sides are covered with flour. Place on a lightweight, non-stick baking sheet. Let rise 30 minutes or until slightly raised. Preheat oven to 5000F. Gently turn the rounds upside down just before placing in the oven. Bake on the bottom rack of oven. The instant hot heat makes the breads puff up.

NOTE: The Pita Pockets will be hard when removed from the oven and soften as they cool. While still warm, store in plastic bags or an airtight container. To serve warm, reheat in a 3500F oven. Cut in half to fill with salads, vegetables, tomato and lettuce with a slice of red onion or chili, refried beans, etc. Instead of cutting in half and separating the cooked bread to fill, try folding it over a filling for a great meal.

Multipurpose baking mix

4 c all-purpose flour

4 c whole wheat flour

1 1/3 c nonfat dry milk

1/4 c baking powder

1 t salt

1 1/2 c vegetable shortening or margarine (do not use oil)

In a large mixing bowl, stir dry ingredients together until well-mixed. Cut in shortening or margarine until well-mixed. Store in closed, covered container. If stored in a pantry, use within one month; or store in a refrigerator. NOTE: If margarine is used, store only in refrigerator-the margarine will go rancid if stored at room temperature for any length of

time. Stir lightly before use. All-purpose flour, cornmeal or rolled oats may be substituted for the whole wheat flour.

Pancakes

4 c Baking Mix

2 c water

4 eggs, beaten

In a bowl, stir together ingredients just until blended. The mixture will still be somewhat lumpy. Pour scant 1/4 cup on hot griddle. Cook until edges are dry. Turn; cook until golden. For fluffier pancakes; add a 4 tablespoons lemon juice (or vinegar), 8 teaspoons sugar and 4 teaspoons baking powder. If preparing pancakes to freeze, under cook slightly, freeze individually on cookie sheet, place frozen pancakes into freezer bag. To reheat, place frozen pancakes in a toaster.

NOTE: I find 2 c water makes for an awfully thick batter; I add about 3 cups water. Adjust the water to the consistency you want. YIELD: abt 24 medium sized pancakes

Waffles

4 c Baking Mix

1 1/3 c water

2 eggs

4 T vegetable oil

Stir ingredients until well blended. Pour onto hot waffle iron. Bake until steaming stops. Freeze leftover waffles individually on cookie sheet. Once frozen, store in a freezer bag. To reheat, place frozen waffles in a toaster.

NOTE: once again, I do add a bit more water to reach a consistency I prefer.

YIELD: abt 24 twelve inch waffles

Biscuits

4 c Baking Mix

1 c water

Add water to baking mix and stir about 20 times. Turn dough on to lightly floured board. Knead 10 - 15 times. Roll or pat to 3/4 inch thickness and cut with biscuit cutter. Bake on ungreased pan or cookie sheet in a 4000 preheated oven for 12 - 15 minutes. To freeze, place in freezer bag. Reheat in microwave. VARIATIONS: 1/4 c bacon, cooked and minced; or; 2/3 c grated cheese and 1/2 teaspoon garlic powder; or 2/3 c raisins and 2 tablespoons

sugar. YIELD: 20 two-inch biscuits.

Shortcake

4 2/3 c Baking Mix

1 c water

6 T sugar

6 T margarine or butter, melted

Stir ingredients until soft dough forms. Spread in two ungreased 8-inch square baking pans. Bake at 4250 for 15 - 20 minutes or until golden brown. Slice into squares. Serve with sliced berries and whipped cream. For drop shortcake: after stirring, drop dough by 1/4 cup drops onto ungreased cookie sheets. Bake 10 - 12 minutes or until golden brown. YIELD: 12 servings.

Dumplings

2 c Baking Mix

2/3 c water

Stir together baking mix and water. Drop batter by heaping tablespoons onto boiling soup or stew. Cook covered for 10 minutes, then remove lid and cook uncovered for an additional 10 minutes. (I also add various herbs to the flour mixture. For example, poultry seasoning, marjoram, may some chives or dried onions, etc)

ALL of these mix recipes came from the book FROZEN ASSETS by Deborah Taylor Hough, pages 163 - 169.

CEREALS

Grapenuts Cereal

3 c wheat flour

1 c brown sugar

1 c sour milk or buttermilk

2 t soda

1 t salt

Mix thoroughly. Bake at 3000 until golden brown. Crumble and dry.

Wheat Flake Cereal

2 c wheat flour

1/2 t salt

2 c water

2 T honey

Stir water, salt and honey into flour. Spread on cookie sheets (1/2 c to each cookie sheet). Bake for 15 minutes at 3500. Break into bite size pieces.

Honey Coconut Granola

4 c rolled grain

1 c whole wheat flour

3/4 c honey

1 c coconut

1/4 c cooking oil

1 t vanilla

Thoroughly mix together. Spread on a cookie sheet, bake at 3000 for 20 minutes, stirring occasionally while baking. After cooking, add any or all of the following: 1/4 c sunflower seeds; 1/4 c coarsely chopped almonds or

pecans;1/4 c sesame seeds; and/or 1/2 c raisins or other dried fruit.

Whole Wheat Rolls-quick

Dissolve:

1 T. Or Pkg yeast 1/4 c. warm water 1 tsp sugar

Beat 1 egg into a big bowl

add: 1 tsp. Salt

2 Tb. Honey or 1/4 cup sugar (I use honey)

3 Tb. Oil

1 cup buttermilk - heat to warm and add 1/4 tsp. Soda

(or if you have no buttermilk, 3/4 cup canned milk and 1/4 cup water and 2 tsp. Vinegar, then heat on stove and add 1/4 tsp. Soda)

Add yeast mixture to egg mixture stir and add warm milk mixture. Stir together and add 3 cups whole wheat flour ( no more, no less).

Stir up well grease inside of bowl and let sit for one hour. Take dough out and knead on a floured board. Roll out and cut and shape. Place on a greased pan and let rise d1/2 hour to 45 minutes.

Bake at 375 for 10-15 minutes.

WHEAT APPLESAUCE CAKE

2 cups whole wheat flour

1 cup sugar

1 teaspoon baking soda

1 teaspoon cinnamon

½ teaspoon nutmeg

½ teaspoon cloves

1 cup applesauce

½ cup oil

Nuts, dates, raisins (you decide how much and which you would like to use)

Mix all dry ingredients. Stir in applesauce, oil, nuts, dates and raisins.

Bake in large greased cake pan at 350 degrees F. for 35 minutes or until done. Top with hot applesauce, OR let cool and top with powdered sugar or frosting of choice. (this cake is very moist)

Whole Wheat Oatmeal Cookies

1 1/4 cup oatmeal
1 cup whole wheat flour
1/2 teaspoon baking soda
1/2 teaspoon cinnamon
1/4 teaspoon nutmeg
1/2 cup butter
3/4 cup firmly packed brown sugar
2 egg whites or 1 egg
1/2 cup raisins, optional
1/4 cup chopped nuts, optional

Heat oven to 350 degrees F. Grease cookie sheet. In a small bowl combine oatmeal, baking soda, and spices. In large bowl, beat together butter, sugar, and egg whites or egg until creamy. Add dry ingredients and mix well. Stir in raisins and nuts. Drop by rounded teaspoonfuls on to prepared cookie sheet. Bake 10-12 minutes. Makes 3 1/2 dozen. Can also add chocolate chips instead of raisins.

Blender Wheat Pancakes

Makes 6-8 pancakes (I double this recipe )

1 cup milk (or 1/3 cup non-fat dry milk and 1 cup water)

1 cup uncooked whole wheat

2 eggs

2 Tbsp oil

2 tsp baking powder

2 Tbsp honey or sugar

1/2 tsp salt

Put milk and wheat in blender. Blend on highest speed for 4-5 minutes or until batter is smooth (sounds loud, but works great). Add and blend on low, eggs, oil, baking powder, honey and salt. Bake on hot griddle.

Variation: WAFFLES

Add one additional Tbsp of wheat & Increase oil to 4 Tbsp

WHEAT WAFFLES - Makes 8 waffles

2 cups flour ( 1 cup white 1 cup wheat)

4 tsp baking powder

1/2 tsp salt

2 Tbsp honey or sugar

1 3/4 cup milk (2/3 cup non-fat dry milk and 1 3/4 cups water)

6 Tbsp salad oil

2 eggs

Mix dry ingredients together, including non-fat dry milk. Stir in remaining ingredients. For lighter waffles, separate eggs. Beat whites and carefully fold in.